The Crime Of Max Butler - 1090 Words

Max Butler has been in and out of trouble since his freshman year of college. His first computer related trouble that he got into, for pirating software, was settled out of court, and ended up with Max becoming an informant, or white hat, with the FBI. His arrest in 2007 was a result of years of committing cybercrimes which finally caught up to him as he was running the carder’s website called Carder’s Market. Just some of the crimes that Max was involved in were things such as unauthorized access to computers and networks, stealing credit card numbers, printing counterfeit credit cards and licenses, and selling credit card magstrip data. Max was running the carder website, Carder’s Market, under the alias Iceman while still participating in the other crimes under the name Digits. He believed that running the website wasn’t illegal, and wanted to differentiate between his running the site and participating in the crimes. Max didn’t have much trouble justifying the credit card fraud he was committing against the banks. He felt the lenders were incredibly greedy and unethical. He took solace in knowing that the consumers were only ever responsible for up to $50 of the total crime. As detailed in Chapter 12, Max decided to use a Bifrost Trojan horse program, that he tested against many different anti-malware programs to alter it to be able to avoid detection, to gain access to the other carders’ computers. He sent an email to the other carders, from the website Carder’sShow MoreRelatedBlack Males In America Often Suffer The Consequences Of1318 Words   |  6 PagesNative Son, in addition to having to pay for his heinous crime, Bigger is set with the downfall of being black. Max tells Bigger, â€Å"Your being black, as I told you before, makes it easy for them to single you out. Why do they do that?...They do that to black people more than others because they say that black people are inferior.† (Wright 326). 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Managing Energy Sources

Question: Discuss about the Report for Managing Energy Sources. Answer: Introduction The world energy demand has been growing rapidly over the following years in the geographical regions of India and China, while the developed countries are struggling with sluggish economics as well as high oil prices that in turn results in steady or diminishing consumption of energy. It has been predicted that the world demand energy is predicted to increase by 37 percent by the year 2035. China is likely to undertake the US global market for oil and is expected to become the largest consumer of oil internationally (Tie and Tan 2013). Two Geographical Regions in the World Where Energy Demand is Growing As far as the rise in world energy demand is concerned, India is set to contribute more than any other country. As per the scenario, the total energy demand of India is more than double. It is predicted that the energy demand by the year 2040 will be five times more. India plays a key driving force in the worldwide trend with all the modern fuels and technologies playing a part. Rising and falling consumption of coal in power production and industry makes India, by a detachment, the major source of growth in international coal use. India steps up its consumption of renewable directed by solar power, for which India becomes the second largest market in the globe. India also motivates strong demand for energy demanding goods. Energy use in the industry is the largest among the end-use segments. It is predicted that by 2040 it will increase by 50 percent (Sen and Bhattacharyya 2014). Figure 1: The world energy demand in India (Source: Future, 2016) The spectacular economic growth in China is largely due to the increase in the demand for energy. The demand for natural gas is growing rapidly in China. The demand for oil is predictable to grow at an average yearly rate of 3.8 percent by the year 2020. The increase in the demand for world energy in China is mainly due to the fact that the income has been rising as well as the increase in the industrial production (Andrews-Speed et al. 2014). Figure 2: The World Energy Source in China (Source: Eia.gov, 2014) Different Energy Sources The supply for the world energy demand comes from the different energy sources which include mainly the fossil fuels with nuclear power and renewable basis. The sources are mainly originated from the local star that is the Sun (Deng et al. 2013). Figure 3: The Different Sources of Energy (Source: cankan, 2013) The other diverse energy sources include the wind energy. It helps in generating electricity with the help of the turbine. The Geothermal Energy is another source of energy sources. Region will be able to Adequately Supply their Demand Internally China will be able to adequately supply their energy demand as it has access supplies of energy. It is the third largest manufacturer of crucial energy in the world. With the help of local supplies, the country is able to meet the demand for world energy by 90 percent. Conclusion India is the major source of growth in international coal use. India steps up its consumption of renewable directed by solar power, for which India becomes the second largest market in the globe. The demand for oil in China is predictable to grow at an average yearly rate of 3.8 percent by the year 2020. References Andrews-Speed, P., Liao, X. and Dannreuther, R., 2014.The strategic implications of China's energy needs(Vol. 346). Routledge. Deng, Y., Fullerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Rowell, T.J., Ridley, A.J., Knipp, D. and Lopez, R.E., 2013. Theoretical study: Influence of different energy sources on the cusp neutral density enhancement.Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics,118(5), pp.2340-2349. Sen, R. and Bhattacharyya, S.C., 2014. Off-grid electricity generation with renewable energy technologies in India: An application of HOMER.Renewable Energy,62, pp.388-398. Tie, S.F. and Tan, C.W., 2013. A review of energy sources and energy management system in electric vehicles.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,20, pp.82-102

Health Promotion and Policy on Healthy Eating - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theHealth Promotion and Policy on Healthy Eating. Answer: Health Promotion and Policy on Healthy Eating and Reduction of Obesity Health promotion is the practice of enabling people to improve and gain control over their health. The Ottawa charter conceptualizes activities for health promotion as developing ones personal skills, developing healthy public policies, reorienting healthcare services to go beyond providing curative and clinical services, creating environments that are supportive and in the future central elements of public promotion could be ecology, caring and holism (Povlsen and Borup 2011). These actions have to be made possible in schools, work places, homes and the community in general. These should be the case as health is build and lived in peoples everyday life settings; where they play, learn, love and work. In these settings, personal, environmental and organizational factors interrelate to affect peoples well being and health (Labstein et al., 2015). This settings are more than the physical locations and can be summarized as the product and medium of peoples social interactions, It puts e mphasize on the structural social and individual dimensions of health. Since 1980 obesity has doubled worldwide. The following is a health promotion on health eating and obesity reduction. Doing away with unhealthy soft drinks particularly in sports centers showed that it may lead to increase in healthier drinks sales. Often, food within recreation, sports and aquatic centres is poor in nutrition and sugar sweetened drinks are highly consumed. YMCA Victoria, the largest recreation and aquatic provider, set out a health promotion starting with their own settings to remove from its centres all full sugar soft drinks. They set out a policy to reduce consumption of unhealthy drinks without affecting the total returns from soft drinks sells. Health promotion impact can make real differences to communities and individual lives as well as the natural environment. It can also lead to health equity. Determinants of Health In this 21st century there are challenges which have impacts on health, they include: increasing urbanization, increasing disparities between the poor and the rich, digital communication, climate change and globalization. These challenges directly and indirectly affect health promotion. Factors such as genetics, our relationship with family and friends, state of our environment, where we live and our level of education impact on peoples health. However, access to health care services which are considered more often dont have a big impact on health (Jia and Lubetkin 2010). When a person is considered healthy, this complex mix of determinants are not seen, the healthy condition is what is seen. It is therefore just an iceberg tip. In health promotion the health iceberg is employed, its framework firstly identifies lifestyle and behavioral factors which impact on health and then the social factors which present the greatest impact. They also influence exposures, behaviors and opportunit ies that impact on health. Therefore to gain the desired health outcome this factors are the core, should be understood and changed to impact the outcome we desire. The problem is identified like in our case obesity reduction and healthy dietary eating then the contributing factors are identified. The lifestyle and behavioral factors that contribute to our problem, here consumption of sugar sweetened poor nutritional drinks during sports and recreation were the cause (Mechanick et al., 2013). Then the determinants are identified; environmental, social and economic that encouraged consumption of the poor dietary sugar sweetened soft drinks. Maybe it was just because they were available in the counters, thus eliminating them could be a start. In a wider scope, education, physical activity, food security, social exclusion connection, working conditions, unemployment employment are also considered. The YMCA organization has been able remove soft drinks from display and in return increased the availability of green and amber drinks all over their centers. According to the department of health and human services 2015, they have a clear vision of 10% or less of the fridge space to be filled with soft drinks, this was a success due to the multisectoral engagements in reducing the consumption of soft drinks. The YMCA Victorias Healthy Food and Beverage policy and its campaign (soft drinks free summer) created a milestone in realizing a healthy food environment for Children and adults. However this achievement gives a guideline on how we could ensure dietary eating and reduce obesity in the population. The success of these however was enabled by their management and executive teams dedication, support from health promotional staff and the engagement of suppliers to ensure they supported the policy and they could supply alternative drinks (Department of Health and Human services 2014) . The promotion is built heavily on building public policy, strengthening of community action, re orientation of services and creating supportive environments borrowed from Ottowa charter of health promotion. Health promotion against social determinants and Congruence with Kickbuschs determinants of health for 21st century Obesity and overweight and the resulting non communicable diseases can be prevented. Communities and support environments play an important role in the influencing peoples choices. Regular physical activities, and eating healthy foods are the choices that the environment and community should present as the easiest choice (these choices should be most affordable, accessible and available) thus preventing obesity and overweight. People at their individual levels can limit the amount of energy they consume from total sugars and fats, increase intake of vegetables and fruit as well as whole grains, legumes and nuts (Potvin and Jones 2011). They should also involve themselves in habitual physical activities for an average of 150 minutes in a week (spread out). Individual activities and responsibility to eat healthy and avoid obesity can yield maximum benefits if people access/adopt a healthy lifestyle. Its the societys responsibility to support individuals to achieve these goals. This can be done by implementation of population based and evidence based policies that avail, easily accessible, affordable healthy and sustained dietary choices and physical activities. This can also be achieved through increasing tax on sweetened beverages (Tong, Beaglehole and Byrne 2005). The food industry can play an important role in ensuring healthy diets through: reducing salt, fat and sugar content in the foods they process; availing nutritious and healthy choices at affordable prices to consumers; restricting marketing of sugary and fatty foods often aimed at teenagers and supporting habitual physical activity even in work places. According to professor Ilona Kickbusch, health promotion determinants include political; health has risen up in the rankings of political agenda in different countries, in global agreements policy developments and political legitimacy and ideology and aligning itself to the expectations of the countries citizens (Vitak et al., 2011). Health is of high emblematic nature and it is associated with individuals, markets, role of the state and overall common good, Social, commercial, environmental, behavioral and genetic factors. He further outlines that societies are radically changing due to globalization, urbanization, individualization, virtual connectedness, commercialization and demography (Keune et al., 2013). Therefore this gives rise to changes in inequality that results to change in health topics. In the 20th century health was just a political, social and national focus, today health focus is global, more political and more social due to the technological developments. The susta inability and development of economies and their growth requires a healthy population. Many economies are making huge investments in medical care and in health. These has made health/ medical care sector a major employer and a major business sector therefore its being affected by the economic crisis just like any other business (Kickbusch and Gleicher 2012). There is a requirement to position health within the society and government and define how different sectors affect health. Politically heath is determined through distribution of resources, money and power. Since health is the core of ideologies, market force and values, parliamentarians have to make decisions bearing in mind their consequences while NGOs act as watchdogs to ensure they value health. They need to build a link between sustainable agenda for development and health promotion since the best health choices double up to be the best choices for the universe and generally best environmental and ethical choices are good for health, foster equity and eliminate obesogenic environments. Health being a multidimensional thing, its quality is dependent on peoples participation in political processes, factors shaping their economic and personal security, social environments that they live in, activities of their everyday life and their health education. If this factors are handled correctly we will be able to reduce obesity, encourage health dietary promote health and general well being (Hasting, 2012). Environmental determinants, both macro and micro have over time become less conducive for people to do physical activities. Transportation trends have not encouraged physical activity to counter obesity; therefore there is a lot to be done so as to reverse attitudes riding bicycles and walking to work which is perceived as a low social status. On urban level settings, residential environments and neighborhoods have to be developed to accommodate cycling and walking friendly environments for residents. Housing policies ought to promote physical activity/exercise through improvement of residential areas conditions i.e. promote existence of green spaces in every residential area to encourage walking and cycling. In school settings and educational system as a whole, a variety of factors; long time spent by learners in their learning institutions and attachment of less importance to physical education drastically reduces physical activity leading to obesity (Durlak and Dupre 2008). Tradit ional sports that encouraged physical activity have reduced in the recent years paving way too many new sports and commercial options but all the groups of people may not have equal access to them. Moreover, sports compete with different leisure activities which have less physical activity. Most of these leisure activities are screen based. Technological changes have atomized many operations leading to less physical activity as people work in addition to the increased sedentary jobs. Employers determine their employees physical movements through the social cultural environment and policy. They can provide opportunities for physical activities in the job /work setting e.g. through fringe benefits and parking policies. Systems Approach Therefore, policies makers are presented with the opportunity formulate policies that make their work environment free of overweight and obesity triggers. The social cultural environment and policies they provide are significant determinants of employees physical activity as they spend most of their time working. Longtime investments and strategies are however needed to tap the full potential of the influence from supportive environments as a requirement in active living. This can lead to tangible gains to society and individuals with building of an excellent partnership between different concerned and related sectors in the building and putting in place policies. There is also need to develop more effective arguments and ways in order to be supported by these other sectors (Edelen, Mandle and Kudzma 2013). They need to be made aware of their role in promoting and facilitating physical activity to help curb overweight and obesity in the long run. For instance, tools can be formed to measure how the other sectors (other than the health sector) invest/contribute to physical activities. Opportunities can be provided through identification of goals shared by these sectors that can be adopted easily e.g. the transport sector can put in place policies to encourage cycling to work by provision of cycling paths along the way to encourage physical activity. On the part of health dietary eating, food marketing promotions have a big influence on the consumption of energy dense products (Street, Gold and Manning 2013). With voluntary control in advertising of such foods, there is need to regulate their marketing. Food marketing influences foods availability (placing them at the checkout0, prices (special offers), personal state (use of flavors and coloring), information (food advertisings) and cultural values (use of celebrities to advertise these foods). This kind of marketings increase sells of the entire category of foods especially to children that in the long run lead to obesity. Therefore multisectoral approaches have to be put in place to deal with food advertising (Chaudoir, Dugan and Barr 2013). For instance, advertising of food products should not mislead about possible gains of eating a particular product, advertisements should not look down upon parents roles to provide dietary guidance, its should not directly appeal to children as they will persuade parents to buy the products for them, advertisements targeting children should not cause a sense of urgency to consume certain products, and children products should not be advertised adjacent to their programs. Providing information only is ineffective, there is need for actions and that encourages and facilitates chance. Needs of the poorest population sections should be addressed and broader health determinants tackled including demographic and environmental factors social cohesion and exclusion. According to WHO, everyone is a role player in improving physical activities and improving dietary ranging from food manufacturers, retailers, the mass media, farmers, caterers, schools, employers to healthcare professionals. WHO categories these people into target groups; adolescents, children, minority groups, pregnant women and low income people; settings such as health sector, commercial sector workplaces and schools (Mhurchu, Aston and Jebb 2010). The target groups can be referenced using the life course: starting at prenatal and maternal health cutting through pregnancy results, nutrition for infants, pre-school, adolescents, young adults and elderly people. Inside this sequence there is gender, race, social economic groupings, ethnicity and income levels that influence the type of approaches used and the different settings. The use of life course analysis to identify target groups is limited by the reasoning that the outlined interventions should operate directly on target groups with health questions. This choice of target groups can be too narrow to target obesity and health eat ing s it does not consider how to deal with individual behavior; the cultural, environmental and economic influences that need to be transformed in order for the healthy behavior to be adopted easily (Eldredge et al., 2016). On these breath, target groups definition need to be changed to and broadened so as to include providers of health determinants i.e. schools, mass media, commercial food service providers and health services. Decision makers who outline access to health living through distribution, pricing, and marketing should not be left out too. These will also include public leaders e.g. politicians, celebrities company share holders and professional groups. There are three classical health promotion settings; health care services which include clinics, family service professionals, community outreach and specialist clinics; social care facilities and schools for both practical interventions and education; workplace for practical and education interventions (Cancelliere et al., 2011). Community settings fall under this category too; they include those that shape health behavior through businesses like restaurants and buildings, parks and road planners and designers. Health professionals can influence the community and particularly their patients (Egger, Spark and Dovan 2013). Mother baby clinics, community outreach programs, workplace and school nurses have the opportunity to monitor family and individual practices to provide information and advice. Health workers can provide the community with surveillance and demonstrations of good health practices through monitoring school, workplace activities and club cookery programs. Social care f acilities and schools e.g. centers for elderly persons, kindergartens and nurseries present a valuable chance to influence dietary habits of people in one collective setting respectively. Obesity prevention trials invented in preschool nursery and schools play a big role in shaping childs development in early ages and in turn this children influence their families to have good dietary habits (Han, Lawlor and Kimm 2010). Workplaces are the best places to influence adult population to improve to health habits because most of their time is spend here. In addition it also helps breastfeeding women to go back to work if they want to. Community settings present a range of opportunities at local level to influence and improve peoples health; i.e. in residents, women, supermarkets and religious groups. Radios and television may help to broaden community interventions. Commercial sector interventions have not been well spelled out but the sector can influence product choices. Manufacturers and large companies could support interventions of health promotions through changes in their products marketing, production, pricing and labeling of the foods (lobstein et al., 2015). The catering services also play an important role as peoples tendency to eat outside their homes increase. Environmental building to facilitate sports/leisure facilities, walkways and bicycle routes has not been put into much practice focusing on the fact that this could reduce obesity and the resulting cardiovascular disease in populations in their local settings. Therefore in the broadest sense, setting of health promotion are simply any places where there is possibility to influence practices and policies towards health improvement (Thornton, Pearce and Karanagh 2011). Therefore; parliamentary hearings, transport authority stakeholders meeting and corporate meeting of shareholde rs are all examples of health promotion settings. Health, Equity and Action on Sustainability The World Health Organization outlines opportunities that can bring about sustainability and health equity (Durand et al., 2011). The recommendations focus on measuring and understanding the problem of health equity and assessment of the resulting impact action; improve the everyday peoples lives, where they work, grow and age; tackle money, resources and power distribution inequities. Ill health is brought about by a range of causes brought about widely by the environment and economic factors. It all starts with social satisfaction that defines many contemporary societies. There need to be interventions to address the decreasing social satisfaction e.g. through wealth redistribution, decreasing vulnerability to health threatening factors e.g. reducing climate events that are adverse, reducing peoples exposure to conditions that damage their health and strengthening the community to improve resilience e.g. encouraging people to live environmentally sustainable lives, providing effect ive, accessible and equitable healthcare e.g. through basing public health coverage on the model of primary healthcare (Jacobson and Gaze 2011). Environmental sustainability and human health are of great importance, it is however interrelated to climate change. Climate changes are as a result of global warming which affect health directly in a variety of ways (Sallis et al., 2012). There s increased exposure to extreme weather conditions and heat waves to local populations. Greater impacts on water and food supplies which related to environmental degradation have however been forecasted. These include vector borne diseases all of which have an impact on living conditions in coastal areas and cities. Its concern to equity is that the people that suffer the most as a result of these changes are the ones that least contributes to their causes. Therefore these adverse effects will fall disproportionately on middle and low income countries. Therefore efforts that have been placed to miti gate climate change will help in mitigating public health though indirectly. There have been huge rural urban migrations, poor sanitation and housing, pollution unemployment which can be linked to this climate changes and they all result to poor health in the long run (Lu, 2010). An example is the slum conditions in urban areas that result to deteriorated health standards. The substandard housing in slums and poor communities increase their exposure to heat waves, floods, landslides and other extreme weather events. Population growth pause an impact on sustainability and health equity. Economic development has an equally big impact on the same, economic recess and fall of economies lead to increase in poor people and therefore limited access to better facilities and clean environments to live in (Singh, siahpush and Kogan 2010). Conclusion The choice of physical activities and food every single day affect health either positively or negatively. Physical activity and health eating may reduce risk of noncommunicable diseases and lead to a healthy happy life. However the choice of physical activity and type of food is also dependent on many other factors. These factors are economic, social, environmental, technological and individual practices. They all interrelate and affect one another and in the long run peoples eating habits and resulting obesity or healthy life. Different sectors have to coordinate to ensure creation of health promotion environments and consumption of health diet (Schwartz et al., 2011). This will also call for striving to achieve equity in different concerns of a persons life because it is core to achieving health. With the laid down frameworks and individual efforts people can be able to eat healthy and avoid obesity. References Cancelliere, C., Cassidy, J. D., Ammendolia, C., Ct, P. (2011). Are workplace health promotion programs effective at improving presenteeism in workers? A systematic review and best evidence synthesis of the literature. BMC public health, 11(1), 395. Currie, J., DellaVigna, S., Moretti, E., Pathania, V. (2010). The effect of fast food restaurants on obesity and weight gain. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 2(3), 32-63. Chaudoir, S. R., Dugan, A. G., Barr, C. H. (2013). Measuring factors affecting implementation of health innovations: a systematic review of structural, organizational, provider, patient, and innovation level measures. Implementation Science, 8(1), 22. Department of Health and Human Services 2014, Healthy Choices: policy guidelines for sport and recreation centres, viewed 14 October 2016,https://www2.health.vic.gov.au/getfile/?sc_itemid=%7bF42B7919-1210-4DCF-9232-1DABF55683E%7dtitle=Healthy%20choices%20policy%20guidelines%20for%20sport%20and%20recreation%20centres. Department of Health and Human Services 2015, Healthy Choices: food and drink classification guide, State Government of Victoria, Melbourne.Victorian Durand, C. P., Andalib, M., Dunton, G. F., Wolch, J., Pentz, M. A. (2011). A systematic review of built environment factors related to physical activity and obesity risk: implications for smart growth urban planning. Obesity Reviews, 12(5), e173-e182. Durlak, J. A., DuPre, E. P. (2008). Implementation matters: A review of research on the influence of implementation on program outcomes and the factors affecting implementation. American journal of community psychology, 41(3-4), 327. Edelman, C. L., Mandle, C. L., Kudzma, E. C. (2013). Health promotion throughout the life span. Elsevier Health Sciences. Egger, G., Spark, R., Donovan, R. (2013). Health Promotion-Strategies and Methods. Eldredge, L. K. B., Markham, C. M., Kok, G., Ruiter, R. A., Parcel, G. S. (2016). Planning health promotion programs: an intervention mapping approach. John Wiley Sons. Flegal, K. M., Carroll, M. D., Kit, B. K., Ogden, C. L. (2012). Prevalence of obesity and trends in the distribution of body mass index among US adults, 1999-2010. Jama, 307(5), 491-497. Han, J. C., Lawlor, D. A., Kimm, S. Y. (2010). Childhood obesity. The Lancet, 375(9727), 1737-1748. Hastings, G. (2012) Why corporate power is a public health priority. British Medical Journal, 345, e5124. Jacobson, D., Gance?Cleveland, B. (2011). A systematic review of primary healthcare provider education and training using the Chronic Care Model for childhood obesity. Obesity Reviews, 12(5), e244-e256. Jia, H., Lubetkin, E. I. (2010). Trends in quality-adjusted life-years lost contributed by smoking and obesity. American journal of preventive medicine, 38(2), 138-144. Keune, H., Kretsch, C., De Blust, G., Gilbert, M., Flandroy, L., Van Den Berge, K., ... Brosens, D. (2013). Sciencepolicy challenges for biodiversity, public health and urbanization: examples from Belgium. Environmental Research Letters, 8(2), 025015. Kickbusch, I. and Gleicher, D. (2012) Governance forHealth in the 21st Century. World Health Organization, Copenhagen. 428 Editorial Lobstein, T., Jackson-Leach, R., Moodie, M. L., Hall, K. D., Gortmaker, S. L., Swinburn, B. A., ... McPherson, K. (2015). Child and adolescent obesity: part of a bigger picture. The Lancet, 385(9986), 2510-2520. Lu, Y. (2010). 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Canadian Journal of Public Health/Revue Canadienne de Sante'e Publique, 244-248. Povlsen, L., Borup, I. K. (2011). Holism in nursing and health promotion: distinct or related perspectives?A literature review. Scandinavian journal of caring sciences, 25(4), 798-805. Power, T. G., Bindler, R. C., Goetz, S., Daratha, K. B. (2010). Obesity prevention in early adolescence: student, parent, and teacher views. Journal of School Health, 80(1), 13-19. Sallis, J. F., Floyd, M. F., Rodrguez, D. A., Saelens, B. E. (2012). Role of built environments in physical activity, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation, 125(5), 729-737. Schwartz, C., Scholtens, P. A., Lalanne, A., Weenen, H., Nicklaus, S. (2011). Development of healthy eating habits early in life. Review of recent evidence and selected guidelines. Appetite, 57(3), 796-807. Singh, G. K., Siahpush, M., Kogan, M. D. (2010). Neighborhood socioeconomic conditions, built environments, and childhood obesity. 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The Canterbury Tales - The Knights Tale Essays - Holy Grail

The Canterbury Tales - The Knight's Tale Abortion is a subject that is very controversial. It is legal to have an abortion, but in some people's opinion it is an immoral act that should not be legal. In the Middle Ages the knights has a code of chivalry to live by, and it was a moral code. The knights really did not have a legal code because they were supposed to live up to the code of chivalry. Kings also had to follow these codes if they were to be considered a good King. In Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales The Knight's Tale represents what the code of chivalry stands for, this however is completed contrasted by Malory's Le Morte d'Artur. I the knight's Tale, two knights are imprisoned in a kingdom and they both fall in love with the same girl. One of them is granted release from imprisonment with the promise never to return to the kingdom again, the other manages to escape. They meet again in a field and they argue as to who should have the girl's hand. An outside party sets up a joust in which one of the men severely wounds the other and wins. The man who wins falls off his horse and dies and with his dying breath says that he would love for the girl to be with his adversary. This is the model of chivalry and of sportsmanship, if it can be called that. According to David Benson, the author of The Knight's Tale as History,. Chaucer creates a classical world, which would be believable to a medieval audience. Chaucer also examines chivalry in a pre-Christian state. Chaucer shows the best of ?secular knighthood? and suggests that it foreshadow Christian chivalry. This proves that Chaucer was trying to create ideal knights obeying the code of chivalry. The two knights fought for the girl instead of trying to deceive one another or the girl to be with her. That situation is what happens in Le Morte d'Arthur. Uther Pengragon deceives the Dukes wife with the help of the wizard Merlin, which enables Uther to father Arthur. This is in direct violation with the code of chivalry according to Leon Gautier, the Author of Chivalry. He states the ten Commandments of the Code of Chivalry. The eighth rule says, ?Thou shalt never lie, and shall remain faithful to thy pledged word.? Uther clearly lied to the Dukes wife by fooling her to think that he was her husband. Malory's ideals of Chivalry were obviously different then Chaucer's ideals. According, Thomas J. Hatton, author of Chaucer's Crusading Knight, a Slanted Ideal., Chaucer painted a portrait of the knight's with a big emphasis on two virtues, worthiness and wisdom. As a worthy man the knight knew how to fight bravely, and skillfully. He was also wise in choosing his actions to represent their ?chivalric ideals.? All these things represent what Philipe de M?zi?res and his Order proposed as ?chivalric ideal.? This goes to show even more that Chaucer wanted to create the ideal knight. Again, Le Morte d'Arthur, contradicts thins point because Uther and the Duke do not fight bravely for the women, and they do not demonstrate any kind of qualities that a person living under the chivalric code should live by. The code of Chivarly is a code that people in the court were supposed to live by and probably everyone thought or pretended they did live by those laws. Like all societies the laws that are supposed to be followed do not always get followed. Chaucer wrote this story so that people would think that the knights in The Knight's Tale are how all knights acted in the Middle Ages. Malory had other plans when he wrote Le Morte d'Arthur, because he had corruption on his mind. Malory had the most truthful depiction of how kings and knights acted in the Middle Ages. Mot all knights were corrupt but a good majority of them were. ?While it is difficult to find precise rules laid down for the conduct of a knight, it is clear that a code is recognized, even though, in the stern tests of day to day life, it was rarely, faithfully lived

Sample Ethnography Essay For the AP Exam

Sample Ethnography Essay For the AP ExamA sample ethnography essay for the AP Exam may seem like an obvious choice, but you should really give it some thought before you choose your topic. The content of your exam is based largely on the topic that you choose and thorough research can help you make the right choice.Before you choose your sample ethnography essay for the AP Exam, you will want to consider the size of your class. For example, if you have a large class that takes up a lot of time at the end of the semester, you may be able to choose a smaller, more focused topic. While this is a good idea in smaller classes, it may not be as effective in a class with many students. If you have a small class, you may want to consider having a sample essay written by someone else in your course.Once you know the size of your class, you will be able to choose your topic. Different topics require different levels of research. Some topics require very little effort; others require significan t amounts of effort.For example, a sample essay on public speaking requires substantial amounts of effort, as does a sample essay on dieting. While you may choose one of these topics and feel that it will help you pass the AP Exam, you should take the time to determine if this is true. Also, these topics require extensive research.If you choose a sample essay about reading to preschoolers, you will have to do extensive research. This may include the opinions of elementary school teachers, elementary schoolchildren, and parents of preschoolers, among other things. You may have to do many interviews with parents or find out about the experiences of other families that are interested in using reading materials with children.While you may not need to know the opinions of other parents, it is necessary to find out about the opinions of elementary school teachers and to speak with elementary school teachers. In order to be successful on the AP Exam, you will have to create an essay that p rovides factual information about a topic. You will also have to present your findings in a clear and concise manner.Finally, you will need to prepare yourself for writing your own research, as well as read a wide variety of different materials, including study field guides, newsletters, and newsletters. If you can spend some time doing this, it will benefit you greatly when you sit down to write your AP essay. However, you may also be able to find other sources that will help you write an AP essay.Finally, as with any project, you will need to find some way to encourage yourself to complete the project on time so that you do not forget what you learned, or you will not be as successful as you could be with your project. With a sample ethnography essay for the AP Exam, you will likely find that you need to practice your skills a bit before you begin to complete the project on time.

The Munich agreement and the Czechoslovakian invasion

The Munich agreement and the Czechoslovakian invasion The two main reasons for the beginning of the Second World War were: the Munich agreement (which was signed in 1938, between Germany, UK, France and Italy) and the invasion in Czechoslovakia (March 15 1939) by Hitler. Although, I think the most important cause for the beginning of world war two was the invasion in Czechoslovakia.A few years after marching in Rhineland, Hitler's next target was to get Sudetenland into German territory. Since Sudetenland was in Czechoslovakia, the first thing he did was to gather some Nazis there and get them to revolt against the Czech government.With the help of the Nazi followers in Austria, in 1938, Hitler invades it. After the invasion in Austria, Hitler manages to get France, UK and Italy to sign an agreement with him giving him Sudetenland. I think this is one of the most important cause for the beginning of the Second World War, but not the main one, because there are certain events that follow this one which precede world war twoAfter having S udetenland, and after invading Austria, Hitler decided that he wanted the whole of Czechoslovakia.First he threatened war on it.So, on March 15 1939, Hitler marched into Czechoslovakia and managed to occupy it. After this event, UK and France realized that Hitler's target was to conquer all Europe by force. This is probably the main event that caused the start of world war two, because after realizing Hitler wanted the whole Europe to be German, UK and France knew that the only way to stop him was to begin a new war.The conclusion for conquering Sudetenland and afterwards invading Czechoslovakia was world war two. Even though I think that the main event for the beginning of world war two was Hitler occupying the whole of...

Malleus Maleficarum, the Medieval Witch Hunter Book

Malleus Maleficarum, the Medieval Witch Hunter Book The Malleus Maleficarum, a Latin book written in 1486 and 1487, is also known as The Hammer of Witches. This is a translation of the title. Authorship of the book is credited to two German Dominican monks, Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger. The two were also theology professors. Sprengers role in writing the book is now thought by some scholars to have been largely symbolic rather than active. The Malleus Maleficarum was not the only document about witchcraft written in the medieval period, but it was the best-known of the time. Because it came so soon after Gutenbergs printing revolution, it was more widely distributed than previous hand-copied manuals. The Malleus Maleficarum came at a peak point in European witchcraft accusations and executions. It was a foundation for treating witchcraft not as a superstition, but as a dangerous and heretical practice of associating with the Devil - and therefore, a great danger to society and to the church. The Witches Hammer During the 9th through 13th centuries, the church had established and enforced penalties for witchcraft. Originally, these were based on the churchs assertion that witchcraft was a superstition. Thus, belief in witchcraft was not in accord with the churchs theology. This associated witchcraft with heresy. The Roman Inquisition was established in the 13th century to find and punish heretics, seen as undermining the churchs official theology and therefore a threat to the very foundations of the church. At about that same time, secular law became involved in prosecutions for witchcraft. The Inquisition helped to codify both church and secular laws on the subject and began to determine which authority, secular or church, had responsibility for which offenses. Prosecutions for witchcraft, or Maleficarum, were prosecuted primarily under secular laws in Germany and France in the 13th century, and in Italy in the 14th. Papal Support In about 1481, Pope Innocent VIII heard from the two German monks. The communication described cases of witchcraft theyd encountered and complained that church authorities were not sufficiently cooperative with their investigations. Several popes before Innocent VIII, notably John XXII and Eugenius IV, had written or taken action on witches. Those popes were concerned with heresies and other beliefs and activities contrary to church teachings that were thought to undermine those teachings. After Innocent VIII received the communication from the German monks, he issued a papal bull in 1484 that gave full authority to the two inquisitors, threatening with excommunication or other sanctions any who molested or hindered in any manner their work. This bull, called Summus desiderantes affectibus (desiring with supreme ardor) from its opening words, put the pursuit of witches clearly in the neighborhood of pursuing heresy and promoting the Catholic faith. This threw the weight of the whole church behind the witch hunts. It also strongly argued that witchcraft was heresy not because it was a superstition, but because it represented a different kind of heresy. Those practicing witchcraft, the book argued, made agreements with the Devil and cast harmful spells. New Handbook for Witch Hunters Three years after the papal bull was issued, the two inquisitors, Kramer and possibly Sprenger, produced a new handbook for inquisitors on the subject of witches. Their title was Malleus Maleficarum. The word Maleficarum means harmful magic, or witchcraft, and this manual was to be used to hammer out such practices. The Malleus Maleficarum documented beliefs about witches and then enumerated ways to identify witches, convict them of the charge of witchcraft, and execute them for the crime. The book was divided into three sections. The first was to answer skeptics who thought that witchcraft was just a superstition, a view shared by some previous popes. This part of the book attempted to prove that the practice of witchcraft was real and that those practicing witchcraft really did make agreements with the Devil and cause harm to others. Beyond that, the section asserts that not believing in witchcraft is itself heresy. The second section sought to prove that real harm was caused by Maleficarum. The third section was a manual for the procedures to investigate, arrest, and punish witches. Women and Midwives The manual charges that witchcraft was mostly found among women. The manual bases this on  the idea that both good and evil in women tend to be extreme. After providing many stories of womens vanity, tendency toward lying, and weak intellect, the inquisitors also allege that a womans lust is at the basis of all witchcraft, thus making witch accusations also sexual accusations. Midwives are especially singled out as wicked for their supposed ability to prevent conception or terminate a pregnancy by deliberate miscarriage. They also claim midwives tend to eat infants, or, with live births, offer children to devils. The manual asserts that witches make a formal pact with the Devil, and copulate with incubi, a form of devils who have the appearance of life through aerial bodies. It also asserts that witches can possess another persons body. Another assertion is that witches and devils can make male sexual organs disappear. Many of their sources of evidence for the weakness or wickedness of wives are, with unintentional irony, pagan writers like Socrates, Cicero, and Homer. They also drew heavily on writings of Jerome, Augustine, and Thomas of Aquinas. Procedures for Trials and Executions The third part of the book deals with the goal of exterminating witches through trial and execution. The detailed guidance given was designed to separate false accusations from truthful ones, always assuming that witchcraft and harmful magic really existed, rather than being a superstition. It also assumed that such witchcraft did real harm to individuals and undermined the church as a kind of heresy. One concern was about witnesses. Who could be witnesses in a witchcraft case? Among those who could not be witnesses were quarrelsome women, presumably to avoid charges from those known to pick fights with neighbors and family. Should the accused be informed of who had testified against them? The answer was no if there was a danger to the witnesses, but that the identity of witnesses should be known to the prosecuting lawyers and the judges. Was the accused to have an advocate? An advocate could be appointed for the accused, though witness names could be withheld from the advocate. It was the judge, not the accused, who selected the advocate. The advocate was charged with being both truthful and logical. Examinations and Signs Detailed directions were given for examinations. One aspect was a physical examination, looking for any instrument of witchcraft, which included marks on the body. It was assumed most of the accused would be women, for the reasons given in the first section. The women were to be stripped in their cells by other women, and examined for any instrument of witchcraft. Hair was to be shaved from their bodies so that devils marks could be seen more easily. How much hair was shaved varied. These instruments could include both physical objects concealed, and also bodily marks. Beyond such instruments, there were other signs by which, the manual claimed, a witch could be identified. For example, being unable to weep under torture or when before a judge was a sign of being a witch. There were references to the inability to drown or burn a witch who still had any objects of witchcraft concealed or who were under the protection of other witches. Thus, tests were justified to see if a woman could be drowned or burned. If she could be drowned or burned, she might be innocent. If she could not be, she was probably guilty. If she did drown or was successfully burned, while that might be a sign of her innocence, she was not alive to enjoy the exoneration. Confessing Witchcraft Confessions were central to the process of investigating and trying suspected witches, and made a difference in the outcome for the accused. A witch could only be executed by the church authorities if she herself confessed, but she could be questioned and even tortured with the aim of getting a confession. A witch who confessed quickly was said to have been abandoned by the Devil, and those who kept a stubborn silence had the Devils protection. They were said to be more tightly bound to the Devil. Torture was seen as, essentially, an exorcism. It was to be frequent and often, to proceed from gentle to harsh. If the accused witch confessed under torture, however, she must also confess later while not being tortured for the confession to be valid. If the accused continued to deny being a witch, even with torture, the church could not execute her. However, they could turn her over after a year or so to secular authorities - who often had no such limitations. After confessing, if the accused then also renounced all heresy, the church could permit the penitent heretic to avoid a death sentence. Implicating Others The prosecutors had permission to promise an unconfessed witch her life if she provided evidence of other witches. This would produce more cases to investigate. Those she implicated would then be subject to investigation and trial, on the assumption that the evidence against them might have been a lie. But the prosecutor, in giving such a promise of her life, explicitly did not have to tell her the whole truth: that she could not be executed without a confession. The prosecution also did not have to tell her that she could be imprisoned for life on bread and water after implicating others, even if she did not confess - or that secular law, in some locales, could still execute her. Other Advice and Guidance The manual included specific advice to judges on how to protect themselves from the spells of witches, under the obvious assumption that they would worry about becoming targets if they prosecuted witches. Specific language was given to be used by the judges in a trial. To ensure that others cooperated in investigations and prosecutions, penalties and remedies were listed for those who directly or indirectly obstructed an investigation. These penalties for the uncooperative included excommunication. If the lack of cooperation was persistent, those who obstructed an investigation faced condemnation as heretics themselves. If those obstructing the witch hunts did not repent, they could be turned over to secular courts for punishment. After Publication There had been such handbooks before, but none with the scope or with such papal backing as this one. While the supporting papal bull was limited to southern Germany and Switzerland, in 1501 Pope Alexander VI issued a new papal bull. The cum acceperimus authorized an inquisitor in Lombardy to pursue witches, broadening the authority of witch hunters. The manual was used by both Catholics and Protestants. Although widely consulted, it was never given the official imprimatur of the Catholic church. Although publication was aided by Gutenbergs invention of movable type, the manual itself was not in continuous publication. When witchcraft prosecutions increased in some areas, the wider publication of the Malleus Maleficarum followed.