How does neglect during infancy affect cognitive development in young c

Child maltreatment takes on many forms and child neglect is the most common. Studies have found that child neglect can be more detrimental to development than physical abuse (Colvert, E., Rutter, M., Kreppner, J., Beckett, C., Castle, J., Groothues, C. & Sonuga-Barke, 2008). Despite this fact, neglect is the least commonly reported form of maltreatment, as it does not leave bruises and marks like physical abuse (DiPanfilis, D., 2006). Neglect during infancy has been found to affect all aspects of development: physical, cognitive, and psychosocial (Hawley, T., Gunner, M., 2000). This paper will examine the effects neglect has on specific areas of cognitive functioning. According to Jean Piaget we all go through stages of cognitive development that aid us in constructing our knowledge of the world. During infancy we are in Piaget’s sensorimotor stage where we begin our construction of the world by coordinating what we think, touch, smell and taste with how we move (Santrock, J., 2011). When an infant is not given the opportunity to explore their world they are not able to progress through the sensorimotor phase effectively. Various factors may lead to the insufficient progression through the sensorimotor stage but this paper will focus specifically on neglect. Neglect is difficult to define in terms of a set of behaviors that are synonymous with neglect because what is considered neglect varies based on the age and developmental level of the child. For the purpose of this paper neglect will be defined as the denial of proper physical, educational, emotional and moral attention and care (DiPanfilis, D., 2006). In 2008 Child Protective Services received 3.3 million reports of child maltreatment and seventy-one percent of them we... ...uncil on the Developing Child, & National Forum on Early Childhood Policy and Programs. (2011). Building the Brain’s â€Å"Air Traffic Control† System: How Early Experiences Shape the Development of Executive Function. Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University. Retrieved from http://developingchild.harvard.edu/ 8. Eigsti, I., & Cicchetti, D. (2004). The impact of child maltreatment on expressive syntax at 60 months. Developmental Science, 7(1), 88-102. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2004.00325.x 9. Majer, M., Nater, U. M., Lin, J.-M. S., Capuron, L., & Reeves, W. C. (2010). Association of Childhood Trauma with Cognitive Function in Healthy Adults: A Pilot Study. BMC Neurology. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/ pdfviewer?sid=95e34d47-cde9-4f93-b9ba-82931731842d%40sessionmgr14&vid=1&hid=25

Financial Reporting Problem Essay

Abstract In this paper we will discuss Walmart’s Balance sheet and Income Statement. We will analyze the company’s total assets at the end of the most recent annual reporting year and to why it is important. We then will talk about the company’s total assets, how much cash and cash equivalents did the company have, as well as, the amount of accounts payable at the most recent year, and from the previous year. What the company’s net revenues are from the last three annual reporting periods, the change in dollars in the company’s net income from the most recent annual reporting period to the previous annual reporting period. We will talk about the company’s total assets at the end of the most recent year and the previous year from the annual reporting period. Lastly, we will discuss as to what information that has been obtained within this paper that would be important to a potential investor, employee and so forth. Financial Reporting Problem, Part 1 Total Assets The total assets for Wal-Mart as of January 31, 2013 were $203,105,000. The reason this is important for a company or business to know, is so the business can have a better understanding of how much the company is worth. Knowing how much a company is worth is beneficial because the assets can be used as collateral for a loan. Also knowing the assets and comparing total assets to previous years can show if a company is growing and expanding or shrinking. For Wal-Mart, the comparison from the previous year shows that the total assets increased. As of January 31, 2012 the company showed total assets of $193,406,000. With the comparison from January 31, 2012 to the current figure from January 31, 2013 Wal-Mart grew and/or expanded in total assets by 9,699,000. Cash and Cash Equivalent The total cash and cash equivalent for the end of the year for Wal-Mart as of January 31, 2013 is 7,781,000. Knowing the total cash and cash equivalent will help the company to know how much the company has to spend. No organization has the intention of spending more money then what the company has available. If a company has very low cash or cash equivalent then the company will need to consider if a loan is needed. In consideration for a loan total expenses needs to be considered. If a company like Wal-Mart has enough cash to pay all expenses then a loan isn’t needed, but if the expense exceeds the cash then a loan is needed. Also another factor to consider on getting a loan is if the money coming into the company will be enough to pay the loan back. Accounts Payable The accounts payable for the end of the most recent annual reporting period that ended January 31, 2013 is 1,061,000. Knowing the accounts payable helps a company to know one of the companies expenses. This is important because if the companies accounts payable are higher than the money coming in, that could be a problem for the business. Comparing to previous years accounts payable can show many different problems or benefits for the business. Net Revenues Walmart Inc. net revenues from the last three annual reporting periods are as follows; On January 31st, 2011 in the amount of $421,849,000. On January 31st, 2012 the net revenues were; $446,950,000 and on January 31st, 2013 it totaled to the amount of $469,162,000. From looking at the reports Walmart Inc. has had an increased from 2011 to 2012 in the amount of $25,101,000 and from 2012 to 2013 has increased to $22,212,000. Net Revenue helps account for certain price reductions, adjustments and refunds. This is necessary to get the general measure of the real top line rather than the bottom line. Net Income Looking at Walmart’s income statement from the net income of 2013 on January 31st it totaled in $16,999,000. The change from 2012 and 2013 is a increase in $1,300,000. The net income from 2012 is $15,699,000. From looking at the statement and seeing that there is a loss due to nonredeemable and redeemable non-controlling interest the company has lost net income by 16,998,000 within 2013 but in 2012 only had a 609,000 difference, and in 2011 had a 1,289,000 difference from 2013. When it comes to Net Income it is closely followed and play a huge role in ratio analysis. Shareholders take a close look at the net income due to their compensation of the company. If a business is not generating enough profit, the values of shares fall. It is important to know that net income does not measure to how much cash a company has earned during a given period. Change in Dollars of Net Income The change in dollars of Walmart’s net income from 2013 is 16,999,000 and from 2012 it is only a million dollar difference of 15,999,000. Total Assets in Recent Year from Annual Reporting Wal-Mart has reported its accounting period for fiscal year 2013; accounting period ends on January 31st of each year. Wal-Mart’s current total of assets as of fiscal year 2013 is $203,105,000.00. Wal-Mart continues to grow in consecutive years with an average increase in assets of $10,000,000 dollars a year for the past five years. The earnings per share have increased 10.6 percent increasing their shares to $5.02. The company has made earnings in addition of $22 billion make it a $ 466 billion dollar corporation. It is with no doubt that the success of the corporation continues on the rise. The corporation owns 4,000 locations in the United States alone adding $10 billion alone in net sales. Further from generating income and investing in growth and assets Wal-Mart has always researched and invested in ways to reduce expenses and operating costs. Strategies such as training front line and middle managers in operating cost reductions and implementing sales and inventory syste ms have greatly reduced operating costs in the current successful years. Total Assets from Previous Annual Report In fiscal year 2012, Wal-Mart had a total of earning of $15.8 billion  with a closing total of net sales of $443.9 billion. Since 1992 Wal-Mart has made and increased a total net worth of sales of $400 billion dollars. The corporation strategy for 2012 was to continue to invest in growth and re-enforce in what separates them from their competitors, their low incomparable low merchandise prices. A very unique idea that required greater investments and growth was that of creating a merchandise corporation to the public that provided a one stop be all shopping store. The corporation concentrated in providing its customers a broad assortment of merchandise which provided customers in a sense a time saving tool in a high tempo life style generation. Wal-Mart’s obvious and epic success of how effective and efficient their corporation strategies are. In addition Wal-Mart continues to re-invest in its online market and expanding its online strategy. Important Information Wal-Mart received a total of $332 million in common stock in the year of 2013 alone. In 2012 Wal-Mart returned dividends to its investors worth $60 billion in shares. A high number of their investors are Wal-Mart associates averaging an increased percentage of stocks by the yearly. A yearly accounting period of accounting provides the corporation’s accounting state which in return provides transparency to its current investors and a corporate overview of potential new investors. Internally Wal-Mart benefits from these reports in projecting new investments. Strategic Management can influence how much can be reinvested while at the same time have oversight of how expenses, employee and associate management, and operating costs have to be considered before any over spending incurs. Overall an accounting report is essentially the backbone of a corporation. The accounting structure requires having a solid foundation in a corporation in order to have a successful business. Accountin g is the measurement of how much a business fails or it is successful. References http://c46b2bcc0db5865f5a76-91c2ff8eba65983a1c33d367b8503d02.r78.cf2.rackcdn.com/88/2d/4fdf67184a359fdef07b1c3f4732/2013-annual-report-for-walmart-stores-inc_130221024708579502.pdf

Special Individuals Free Essay Example, 2500 words

Running head: Special Children Special Children Part I What are two broad categories of emotional or behavioral disorders? a. Attention problems/immaturity (Sage Pub, n.d) Often associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Patient manifests with short attention span Diminished concentration Distractibility Impulsivity Passivity Undependability Childishness b. Socialized aggression (Sage Pub, n.d) Similar to conduct disorders, except that these behaviors are manifested in the company of others Truancy from school Gang membership Stealing Lying 2. What is a manifestation determination? How does it relate to students with exceptional needs? Discuss thoroughly. Manifestation determination is the act of â€Å"determining whether the behavior that results in a suspension or change of placement is a manifestation of a child’s disability† (Giordano, 2008). It often takes place when a school is implementing a change of placement or suspension due to violations of school rules; when a student has been removed from the school system for more than 10 days within a school term; or when a student is being punished for activities or behavior which indicates a pattern (Giordano, 2008). In instances when the behavior is indicates a student’s disability, a Functional behavior assessment must be carried out and a plan of behavior conceptualized. We will write a custom essay sample on Special Individuals or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Students with exceptional needs – those with disabilities (with Individualized Education Programs or IEPs) – can be suspended up to ten days during a school year or even expelled for their behavior which is not caused by their disability. There is a need to carry out additional procedural safeguards in instances when suspension exceeds ten days (FSUSD, n.d). 3. List and describe three strategies or interventions to use when teaching and working with students with emotional or behavioral disorders. Why do these particular strategies work well with these students? a. Use taped word read-alongs (Trim, 2009). Studies have provided strong support for this strategy with students under this intervention improving their reading rate at a faster pace. b. Test retakes (Trim, 2009). Studies also point out that students who could do retakes of tests, scored higher than those who could not (Trim, 2009). c. Responses, praise, and academic talk (Trim, 2009). Students given more praise performed better than those who were not praised as much. d. Cover, copy, and compare (Trim, 2009). This is a process of considering instructions, extracting it, and interacting with a greater amount of accuracy (Trim, 2009).

Maternal Employment And Child Development - 862 Words

Maternal Employment and Child Development When a mother works outside the home it is considered maternal employment. The nation has seen more and more mothers entering the work force. In fact, women, whose presence in the work force have been ascending, are now the main providers in 40 percent of families, up from 11 percent in 1960 (Wang, Parker, Taylor, 2013). Therefore, it is believed that mothers work hours are a hinder to a child’s cognitive development. This controversy has been a focus of psychology and sociology literature over the past decades (Bernal, 2008). However many mothers here in the United States are still working outside of the home because the income is needed to help the family’s financial needs. This paper will show that early maternal employment can have an impact on children ages 3-5 cognitive development. How maternal employment impact adolescences’ achievement, behavior, and cognitive development will be shown in this paper also. Materna l employment impact on a child’s mental health will also be discussed in this paper. This paper will also show maternal employment effects on childhood obesity. Then maternal employment and child care effect on child development will be discussed. Finally maternal employment effect on juvenile delinquency will be discussed. Maternal Employment Effect and Young Children Development The increasing employment of mothers’ of young children affects children adversely (Cooksey, Joshi, Verropoulous, 2009). Early yearShow MoreRelatedThe Legal Basis For Maternity1342 Words   |  6 Pageswere employed (Bachu, 1995). For those women with young children who are employed, the majority (65%) return to work shortly after the birth of their child, and most work full time (Hayghe, 1986). In light of these statistics for maternal employment, child and family advocates have pushed for parental leave legislation and supportive policies in employment settings. 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The level of involvement of a father is truly measured â€Å"in terms of the division of work between the mother and the father himself, and his perception of his contribution to child-related tasks within the family†; although it was analyzed that stepfathers assumed to have similar levels of responsibilityRead MoreEssay on Effects of Maternal Employment on Infant Development1645 Words   |  7 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The topic of this paper is the debate of whether or not maternal employment has any effect on infant development. Research on this described topic has recently become popular due to the rise of working mothers over the past several decades. Their increasing numbers in the workplace and decreasing numbers as stay at home moms a re creating a number of different issues to be studied. The effects of maternal employment are determined by a number of factors that include, the mother’s jobRead MoreEssay about Effects of Maternal Employment on Infant Development1676 Words   |  7 PagesThe topic of this paper is the debate of whether or not maternal employment has any effect on infant development. Research on this described topic has recently become popular due to the rise of working mothers over the past several decades. Their increasing numbers in the workplace and decreasing numbers as stay at home moms are creating a number of different issues to be studied. The effects of maternal employment are determined by a number of factors that include, the mothers job satisfactionRead MoreEssay on Career and Changing Family Roles829 Words   |  4 PagesDifferences in employment schedules among spouses contribute to the complexity of home life, yet the many dimensions of this important link remain largely undetermined, particularly with regard to primary care giving (PCG) fathers (Frank, 1995). The traditional family is characterized by the division of roles whereby one spouse (husband) is involved primarily in paid work and the other spouse (wife) primarily attends to family work, specifically the activities of household and child care (Pleck, 1983)Read MoreThe Importance Of Nutrition And Supportive Environment1526 Words   |  7 Pages1000 days of development- Global context The first 1000 days of life is defined as the duration starting from period of conception up to 2 years of child age.After several evidences have been found that nutrition plays an extremely important role in the early childhood development, to be specific, within 1000 days of period between conception to 2nd Birthday of child(1), the global movement of The First Thousand Days has started in 2010 in Washington DC. (2) The effect of receiving sufficient nutrients

Social Networking “How Does It Affect My Life” - 1466 Words

Nowadays, social networking has been taking a big part in our lives especially through the existence of gadgets that helps us to access programs such as; twitter, Face book, MySpace and many more. Did you know that fifty-four percent of companies prohibit the use of social networking, but fifty-seven percent of employees admit to using social networks during work time for personal use? And twenty percent of all divorce cases are directly caused by Face book. Complaints about inappropriate conversations, or just plain jealousy between couples, end a marriage that could’ve blossomed into a new family tree. People who live in the same household can’t even talk to each other anymore. Do u parents realize that if you want your child to come to†¦show more content†¦Therefore it’s easy for the bully to say harsh things to the victim since they have no visual contact with each other. From this bullying, it can lead to huge things as in death threats, or hurting people in real life. People who become the victims of this bullying will feel hurt, unprotected, unsafe, not confident and make them couldn’t talk to anyone about how they feel. Social networking sites also give the opportunities for people to commit crimes by creating scams that is open for anyone to join, either for good or bad reasons. They can create fake accounts, and use them to be someone else and make people believe they are someone they are not. Not only that, some people use accounts to steal money from others. While other people have been assaulted before and it’s unsafe to talk or even meet up with someone that they know from social networking sites. Instead of the bad impacts social networking gives us, there are also many good impacts that benefits us in our daily lives. It allows us to connect with new friends, reconnect with old friends, and even gain important ties with contacts that are important to our jobs. It gives us a chance to express ourselves , and share our interests with legitimate friends. Something that has come up recently, is how police are able to track down criminals, or report crimes such as theft, underage drinking, and drug

Key Components of a Successful Blog Free Essays

After reading many articles on the web about successful blogging, the main components are fairly universal across the board. The main and possibly most important components would be to blog about something that you have a passion for. Yes, you can fake it for a little while, but eventually you will run out of ideas to write about on that topic, and your readers will lose interest. We will write a custom essay sample on Key Components of a Successful Blog or any similar topic only for you Order Now You must also be able to gain trust and become and authority among your blog following readers. Another crucial aspect is that you must strive to keep your blog different, and interesting. With as many options as there are across the web today, you must be able to capture your readers’ attention. Also, you must consistently post on your blog, allow response to comments, choose an appropriate template, and create a brief biography to give readers more access about who you are and perhaps why you choose to blog. Lastly, you would probably like your blog to be easy found through search engines and the like, so include some keywords in there that will allow for that. The most important components and the backbone of your entire blogging experience are to write about something that you are passionate about. One of the articles I read gave the analogy of someone from Hawaii writing about ice fishing, even though he or she may have never seen ice (3 Key). Readers can sense this, and will probably not still around long if they feel that the blogger is simply feeding them a bunch of garbage solely to get site hits. Also, you must stay committed to the topic that you decide to blog about, improve your knowledge on the topic, and consistently provide updates in order to hold your reader base. A second component that is also viably important is that you establish yourself as an authority figure on the blogging topic you choose. This can be accomplished several ways, one of which is to simply master your knowledge on the topic at hand, which was discussed in the previous chapter. This alone will not necessarily establish you as an authority figure on the topic, although it will help. With a successful blog, you are going to want to target a specific audience, and adjust your writing styles appropriately to garner the maximum amount of interest in your blog. The next two components of your successful blog go almost hand in hand. Naturally, most bloggers are not looking to read thesis papers on the topics in question, but rather something different, and interesting. You can do this through a variety of ways; your blog can be humorous, thought provoking, or informative (5 Key). Long term, this is very necessary to developing a successful, popular blog. Another aspect that must be considered when trying to keep your blog interesting is the amount of times you post on your blog. It’s a very simple concept; very few readers are going to want to read the same thing over and over again. Bloggers enjoy reading about other peoples’ lives in an interesting, and captivating way. Consistently posting, and dedicating yourself to create and maintain an interesting and addictive blog is a major key in how successful your blog ultimately is. People in general enjoy interaction as well, which is why you want to provide, and encourage, constant feedback from your readers. According to the article titled 5 Key Components to Consider when Creating a Blog, you must remember that your blog is created as a social community, or at the very least, you want your readers to feel that way. The article elaborates on that topic in saying that without the option to comment on your blogs, you have taken away the â€Å"spirit† of the blogging experience. You will simply have a website that is just constantly updated, which will not hold the interest of your readers nearly as long as a friendly, interactive blogging community. With that being considered, the ability and easiness to comment will only get you so far with your blog. You must read over the responses to your article and reply in a timely manor. A reader’s comment can also give you more insight as to what content is most appealing to them and the direction that you’re your blog should follow. Additionally, you will want to entice you readers to comment by initiating a â€Å"Call to Action† of sorts (Attack). This simply is a way to encourage your reader to perhaps subscribe to you blog, or an open ended question to try and entice your readers to leave more comments. The structure of your blog also plays an important role in the ultimate success you will have. If you are creating a blog to try and improve an existing business, or perhaps help a start up business get moving, you would probably like to keep the page looking rather professional. On the other hand, if you are blogging out of the sheer enjoyment of the activity, you will probably want your page to reflect that. Create a fun, entertaining page that will capture your readers’ attention and reflects the mood of your writing. Blogging, as stated earlier, is a social community. Considering this fact, you will also want to include a brief bibliography about yourself. Perhaps why you started blogging, or any other interest you have besides the one that you are writing about in your blog. Doing this creates a more familiar atmosphere that your reader will want to follow and perhaps even comment on. According to the Enzine article, adding a picture to your bio will be helpful, unless you are currently in the witness protection program, which in that case, an Avator or something else along those lines will due. Even if you master all of the previously stated components of a blog, you create a captivating template, and are willing to put forth the time and effort in constantly updating the blog and reading readers’ comments; it could all be in vain. You will want to include keywords in your blogs that will allow it to be more easily available to search engines and the like because, lets face it, if your blog cannot be easily found, how many people to you honestly believe are going to read it? As you can tell creating a blog can be a relatively easy and enjoyable experience. The components of successful blogs are almost universal regardless of which reference you consider. The main thing you must remember is to choose your topic wisely, and be able to expend a large amount of your time in developing, maintaining, and managing your successful blog. Keep all of these components in mind when creating your blog as they are viable to your success and keeping your readers enticed. Works Cited 1. Jacobson, Rich. â€Å"Attack of the Biller Blog. † Web log post. Http://soundbiteblog. com/tag/top-5-ingredients-of-a-successful-blog/. Web. 2. Park, Gyutae. â€Å"3 Key Components of a Successful Blog. † Web. 3. Philpott, TJ. â€Å"5 Key Components to consider when creating a Blog. † Web. How to cite Key Components of a Successful Blog, Papers

Court Observation Report free essay sample

The Crown Court also sentences defendants who have been committed for sentencing by magistrates, after having been summarily convicted of an either-way offence. There are 77 Crown Court centres of three types: first tier centres are visited by High Court judges for serious Crown Court work and High Court civil business. High court judges deal with the most serious offences here. Second tier centres are visited by High Court judges, circuit judges and recorders for Crown Court criminal cases only. Third tier centres are not normally visited by a High Court judge. Circuit judges and recorders deal with criminal cases. At least two presiding High Court judges are appointed to each circuit and help to organise judicial deployment in the Crown Court. As part of a modernization programme the Crown court has been linked to prison service video conferencing facilities so that prisoners can appear from secure conditions in preliminary hearings without having to be transported to court. Another part of the program is the installation of the EXIBIT which allows all trial participants to track the progress of a case through modern technology. Kingston – upon – Thames Crown Court is situated in a Penrhyn Road. It is the building hard to miss. It has 4 floors with a twelve court rooms in total. You need to go through security check, and then you are inside. There is a reception situated on the ground floor, where you can always find a staff, who is happy to help you, and give all the information you need. Unfortunately, they do not have any informational leaflets about the crown court, or any information about the court structure and how it works. I came a bit too early and needed to wait for about 30 min, and the other disadvantage I noticed there was no waiting areas for public, just a few uncomfortable benches. Luckily there is a cafe and refreshments shop situated on the second floor, so you can refresh yourself while you wait. Taking of notes is forbidden in the public gallery. It was explained to me in the reception. I was told, that only with the permission of usher I would be able to do so. I went to court room twelve, situated on the 4th floor. The case I observed was a rape case. A young man was accused of raping a college student from his neighborhood on May 25th 2011. At the front of the court, on a raised platform, above the rest of the court, is a large bench. This is where the judge was sitting. The judge enters from a door at the side of the platform, preceded by a cry of court rise from the usher or clerk of the court who sits below and in front of the judges bench. Everyone in the court is expected to show their subjection to the Court by standing as the Judge enters and until he sits down. The judge in my observed court was a High Court judge, and was approximately 55 years old male. Judge was polite and friendly to the parties. A several times he reworded the questions asked by defendant barrister in a clearlier and straighter way, so the witness could understand what she was actually asked. Above the judge, there was a Royal Coat of Arms on the wall. There is no national flag in a Crown Court, nor does the judge have a gavel. Sitting the same way as the judge, that is, facing the court, was the clerk of the court. He had his own desk with computer and telephone. Usually used when communication is necessary with other parts of the court building. The other member of court staff was the usher. A several times he passed evidence to the jury. It was the top of the victim, what she was wearing when the incident happened. It was handed to the jury, after one of them gave usher a piece of paper, which was passed to the judge. And then he read the question to the witness â€Å" can you remember what you were wearing that day, when incident occurred† ? Usher – is the only person in the court to walk around while the court is in session. If papers or other objects need to be passed around the court for example notes from members of the jury, or evidence being shown to the jury, normally the usher will do this. Behind the usher, wearing black gowns and white wigs and facing the judge, the prosecuting and defending  barristers were sitting. The defending barrister was nearest to the jury. They also had laptop computers in addition to files of papers relating to the case which were on the desk in front of them. Unlike the judge, who speaks sitting down, the barristers always stand to address the court. At the back of the courtroom, behind the barristers, where a semi-partitioned area known as the dock is, the defendant was placed. A custody officer was sitting with defendant in the dock. Next to defendants dock, is a small area for the public, this is where I was sitting and observing the court proceedings. Alongside the defending barrister was the jury box. This is where the jury watched the case from. Composition of the jury were as follows: 9 females and 2 male jurors. They age ranging from 35-45 years old. Jurors were concentrated and focusing on every world the witness say, and every question the defending barrister asks. Jurors were taking notes, and passed a question a few times to usher, to pass it to the judge. Opposite the jury box was the witness box. In a rape case it is obvious, that the public were not able to see the witness, because the curtain was drawn. The process was very slow, it started 10am, and I stayed there observing the procedures till 2pm, and only had a chance to see the defendant barrister asking witness the same sort of questions in a different way. The outcome of the case is unknown.